Jumping Off Place Essay Sample free essay sample

Q 1: In what manner will the civilization of Spain be different from U. S? In replying this inquiry refer to calculate 4-5. 4-6. 4-7. Autonomic nervous system: if we compare the civilizations of United States and Spain. maintaining in position the hofstede’s dimensions. following cultural differences were found: 1. Power distance: This aspect trades with fact that all persons in societies are non equal. It is defined as: â€Å"The extent to which less powerful members of establishment A ; organisation accept that power is distributed unequally† Spain‘s hierarchal power distance is accepted. Whereas U. S have low power distance. Within American companies. direction degrees are established for convenience A ; higher-ups are ever accessible. Both directors and employees shared information often. Communication is informal. direct and participative. 2. Individuality:It is the inclination of people to look after themselves and their immediate household merely. Spain is collectivized every bit good as individualistic but the practise is non aggressive. We will write a custom essay sample on Jumping Off Place Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whereas U. S is extremely individualistic province. Peoples look after themselves and their households. 3. Mascunist/feminist:Masculinity is a cultural feature in which dominant values are success. money and things whereas feminity is cultural feature in which he dominant values are caring for others and quality of life. Spain is a feminist society. They believe in assisting the destitute people. Whereas united provinces is masculine society. They are mercenary and after success and money. 4. Uncertainty turning away:It is the extent to which the people feel threatened by unpredictable state of affairss and have created beliefs and establishments that try to avoid these. Uncertainty turning away is extremely pattern in Spain. Peoples have regulations for everything. Any alteration in the regulation causes emphasis to the people. They are non risk takers at all. Whereas American society is uncertainness credence society. Peoples are willing to take hazard. Above mentioned are the cultural differences between United States and Spain. Q2. If the company expands its operations to Italy. will its experience in Spain be valuable for the company or will the civilization would be so different that the maker will hold to get down a new in finding how to turn to cultural challenges and chances. Explain. Autonomic nervous system: if we consider hofstede’s dimensions so Spain and Italy are non really much different to each other. Power distance in Spain is acceptable but in Italy it is average. Distribution of power justifies that upper degree have more powers as compared to lower degree and have more benefits. As compared to Spain. Italy is more individualistic society. It is â€Å"me centred† . Italy is a strong masculine society whereas Spain is a feminist society. Italy is a strong uncertainness turning away society which means that Italians are non comfy in unpredictable state of affairs. They avoid taking hazards. Same as Spain. they besides avoid taking hazards. Italy is the combination of maleness and high uncertainness turning away which makes life really hard and nerve-racking. In my sentiment. Italy and Spain have about familiar civilization values and differences. If the concern works good in the Spain and the response is good than the U. S Company must spread out its concern to Italy. As there is no much difference in civilizations of both the states. the work experience in Spain will be valuable for the company as the company would already the cultural values. likes and disfavors. buying behavior of consumer. challenges and chances. These all things would assist the company for set uping a concern in Italy. The company will execute better and will spread out its concern excessively. Q3. If the house expands into France. will its old experience will be valuable in assisting the company address cultural challenges. Explain. Ans: France civilization is similar to Spain and Italy. Harmonizing to hofstede’s civilization power distance is low both in France and Spain as comparison to Italy. Individualism is practiced in France at average degree. Whereas Italian practiced at high degree and Spaniards pattern at low degree. Uncertainty turning away is high in France and other two companies. Masculinity is low in France and medium in Italy. The above line shows that there is no much difference in the cultural values and challenges of the states. If the concern works good in Spain and Italy. it is anticipated that the company would have good response from France excessively. They don’t need to analyze new dimensions of civilization. It would be them excessively. The company is smart because it is be aftering to spread out in the same cultural values so that they would non confront cultural differences that would do their concern to fall down. So the earlier experience in Spain and Italy will decidedly be valuable to the company.

The Problem of Consumer Conflict in Business

The Problem of Consumer Conflict in Business Introduction Consumer behaviour involves analysis of the reasons why people decide to buy or not to buy a product. This involves  the analysis  of consumers’ psychology, economics, sociology, and the social anthropology.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Problem of Consumer Conflict in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consumer behaviour is aimed at coming up with a clear understanding of consumers buying decision making process, either an individual or as a group. In the analysis of consumer behaviour, characteristics of consumers, such as demographics and other behavioural variables,  are analysed  critically to understand consumers wants and needs (Solomon, 2011). Indeed, it is not possible to predict consumers’ behaviour and clearly  outline  their needs and wants. In most cases, people do not  differentiate  Ã‚  them. As a result, most of the times, attempts  are ma de  to  distinguish  needs and wants. Needs refer to basics that make up ones survival kit; on the other hand, wants refer to desires that may not be  basic  in life such as cars, fashion clothes, and electronics among others. Consumer needs are  basic  in nature, and one cannot survive without them; they include food, clothing, and shelter. On the other hand, consumer wants are desires and  luxurious  in  nature; therefore, one is capable of surviving without them except that they  are needed  to improve the living conditions. Discussion The  conflict  that  typical  consumers experience when deciding between what they  need  and what they want In most cases, consumers  experience  challenges when deciding on whether to  settle  a  need  or a  want. In addition, sometimes,  consumers are not able to  differentiate  between a need and a  want,  thus  they face difficulties in decision making. However, it is essential that consumers learn to manage their decisions appropriately. This is important because consumers should be able to make a  reasonable  decision  among several alternatives subject to a wide range of matters. There are several styles used in  decision  making,   just as there are several issues that  need  clear decisions. While making a decision, it is all about uncertainty and risk, since consumers have varying levels of risk aversion. In addition, making decisions involves either quantitative or qualitative  analysis  (Solomon, 2010). As a result, consumers can make a decision using any of these decision making styles. The wide range of decision making styles  pose  conflicts when consumers try to choose between what they want and what they  need.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main  conflict  arises when a  consumer  is t rying to make a  rational  judgement. Some of the issues that bring the  conflict  while consumers are trying to make decisions include consumers’ personality, peer pressure, social surrounding, social statures, and prices charges among others. Based on the consumer personality, most of the times consumers try to buy products that may not be in line with their status. When a  consumer  buys a product that is above his or her  status, and then it is clear that it  is based  on wants and not needs. In most cases, consumers buy products or services that  go  in line with their status. In such a case,  possibly  the  consumer  obtains it based on a  want  and not on a  need. There are several factors that have a significant impact on consumer choice regarding a  want  and a  need  (Hoyer Macinnis, 2009). For  instance; How often have consumers seen the advert of the product in question? How much of a  brand  have often been sold over the past few years? Has the  product  or  brand  in question been bought by a wide range of customers of varying social classes? What are the impacts of buying a  brand  that is expensive compared with your social life? From the research, it is clear that most consumers or individuals want to improve their living conditions, their family conditions, community condition, and nation  condition. It is worth nothing that consumers’ wants are  infinite. This is true to the wealthy as it is to the poor. On the other hand, needs can easily be defined but vary depending on an  individuals age, health, and physical environment among others. Some of the issues are considered to be wants among the  poor  communities and may be  needs  in the rich community. In real life, it is  impossible  to  define  strategies for meeting all   consumer  needs. As a result, measures  have been  set  to  define  the  minimum  well being  leve l  of consumers so that it can be easy to state that an individual is   poor  or rich. These are the main issue that cause conflicts when consumers are trying to  define  a product or service as a want or a  need. At times, consumers  visit  the market to buy something they  regard  as a need, but in the minds of other consumers, it is a  want. Therefore, it is conflicting to decide  and  buy  a product based on the decision made (Wright, 2006). For instance, how a decision could be made when faced marketing focused on something one may  want  but does not need.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Problem of Consumer Conflict in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a situation where a  consumer  experiences conflicting interests regarding a  need  and a  want,  relevant  strategies will have to be incorporated. When trying to come up with a decision regardin g an issue that one wants, but does not  need, one must  determine  whether he wants it or needs it. In addition, one has to  analyse  the  status  regarding the  want. This is important because, failure to analyze the  situation  may make one  risk  missing a wide range of existing alternatives. Regarding the  want  in question, consumers should be able to ask relevant questions based on aspirations, interests, goals, objectives, and fears. This will help them consider possible consequences of their actions. For instance, according to the rich, a refrigerator is a need, but for the poor, it is a  want. As a result, it can pose a problem on some situations when an  individual  with a  poor  background  is deciding on whether to buy it or not. Indeed, he or she can analyze the advantages associated with a refrigerator. The advantages associated with it can  provoke  a consumer to  buy  it without considering whether it is a need, or oth erwise. Therefore, it is essential that such people analyze the source of income or money to  pay  and  acquire  it. Once the relevant  analysis  is  over, then it will be easy to  decide  if it is a  want  or a  need,  thus  deciding to buy or not. At times, consumers  make  quick  decisions based on intuition or gut feeling (Paul Lantos, 2010). They can make a decision based on an uncertainty or  condition  without gathering all the necessary information. However, some consumers are cautions in their decisions and try  mostly  to avoid intuitive approaches. For instance, sometimes consumer may want to  acquire  some products, but does not have money, he or she can  decide  to  obtain  a loan from a credit lending  organization. Indeed, the idea of obtaining a credit or  loan  is  noble, but it is necessary to put into consideration several factors. These factors include the payback period for credit, whether the product is a  need, and ability to repay the credit. Clearly analysing these factors, the  consumer  will automatically  decide  whether to  take  a loan or not.  Some of the steps used to determine whether one  wants  something, but does not  need  it  include: Working out the right decision problem through careful or  proper  problem  statement  without using assumptions and prejudices that are  option  limiting. For instance, when deciding on whether a refrigerator is what one wants and not what he needs.  Thus,  one has to analyze the prevailing circumstances that make him or her  want  a refrigerator. The  customer  should clearly define or specify objectives regarding a  want. For instance, one can  regard  a car as something he or she wants because of the many demands that make one want a car. Customers should understand the consequences of their decisions so that they will not be surprised by their move. For instance, one can   view  a car as what he or she wants based on the demands at that moment. In such a case,  appropriate  decision  should be made to avoid regrets later. The customer should consider when deciding to buy a car that he will  later  fuel  it, pay for its loan, if any, and  attend  a driving school if necessary. This will  mean  an increase in expenses; therefore, all these issues should be put into consideration. How a person’s values  links  to consumer behaviour Person’s values are capable of describing an  individual’s  disposition  based on explanations of the surrounding. Some of the person’s values include openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness. According to market research, the relationship between consumer behaviour and  person’s values is not clear, but researchers are still working on it.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, according to a research recently conducted, results showed that people who are  open  are in a better  position  to respond to adverts placed (Mooij, 2010). Such individuals are exposed to adverts from time to time, and can respond to them by buying products or going for an alternative. As a result, it is worth nothing that consumer behaviour has a close relationship with a person’s values. Alongside the fact that person’s values might be  useful  to the marketers, they should be able to explain the reason as to why a  consumer  decides to  make a purchase. For instance, some consumers decide to buy based on their  feelings  regarding a product, while others  decide  based on their economic status. All this issues are  crucial  to customer, since he can  develop  necessary  strategies in marketing that enable it to attract a  wide  market. Moreover, knowing the different elements that make the consumers purchase enables marketers to come up with appropriate marketing strategies. At some point in time, complexity of issues has made it difficult to explain the relationship between consumer behaviour and  person’s values. Some of the complex issues that have made it difficult to explain the relationship include the dynamic nature of consumers. Most consumers are  dynamic  and their  purchase  behavior changes from time to time. This can affect marketers’ strategies negatively, hence there is a need for frequent modification. As a result, effective marketing will make it possible  to  easy  define  the relationship between consumer behaviour and persons values. Conclusion In marketing, it is  essential  to understand the concept of consumer behaviour. This will  enable  a marketer to  define  marketing strategies to attract a market. In addition, understanding consumer behavior will  enable  the  consumer  to determine the variations between wants and needs. In most cases, consumers  experience  a difficulty in trying to  differentiate  between wants and needs. It is  essential  for consumers to  note  that needs are not wants. In addition, it is  essential  to understand that  consumer’s needs and wants are far much  different  from each other, based on, their definitions. While trying to understand the concept of consumer behavior, the aspect of  person’s value is  essential. This will  enable  a marketer to  understand  the likes and dislikes of a consumer. Moreover, it will  enable  the marketer to use these values in marketing of its products. As a result, it will be possible to attract a large market share. Finally, it is  vital  to note that  consumer  needs are basic, and an  individual  cannot do without them. On the other hand, wants are  luxurious  in nature and needed to improve the living condition. Therefore, in most cases, consumers  try   to address their needs before addressing wants as much as possible. References Hoyer, W.D. Macinnis, D.J. (2009). Consumer Behavior. New York: Cengage Learning. Mooij, M.K. (2010). Consumer Behavior and Culture: Consequences for Global Marketing and Advertising. London: Sage Publishers. Paul Lantos, G. (2010). Consumer Behavior in Action: Real-Life Applications for Marketing Managers. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Solomon, M.R. (2010).Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Solomon, M.R. (2011). Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. Wright, R. (2006). Consumer Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning.

Sociocultural theory in collaborative learning Essay

Sociocultural theory in collaborative learning - Essay Example Sociocultural theory in collaborative learning It is a pedagogy that has at its centre the assumption that people make meaning together and that the process enriches and enlarges them†. The debate about the definition of term ‘collaborative’ as well as ongoing attempts to identify relevant criteria to determine whether learning is collaborative or not does not seem to have any major implications for the basics of collaborative learning. Almost every research study exploring collaborative learning environment comes to positive conclusions. Natasi and Clements (1991) summarize these conclusions in the following way: â€Å"Cognitive-academic and social-emotional benefits have been reported for students from early elementary through college level, from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, and having a wide range of ability levels†¦ Furthermore, cooperative learning has been used effectively across a wide range of content areas, including mathematics, reading, language arts, social studies and science†. Initially, research in the realm of collaborative learning focused on functioning of an individual learner in a group: the theories which dominated cognitive psychology over the 1970s tended to emphasise the role of individual information processors in the process of cognition. The social context of this process was viewed as secondary to individual activity. The last decades of the 20th century were marked by increased attention to the social context, and, consequently, improved understanding of the process of cognition.

Examine how John Reed explains the Mexican revolution Essay

Examine how John Reed explains the Mexican revolution - Essay Example According to John Reed, the majority of the citizens were annoyed with the manner in which the state was handling the affairs of the public. Indeed, the events of the revolution shaped the social, economic and political landscape of Mexico. Hence, the paper is describing the revolution using john reed’s explanation. The Mexican revolution John Reed reports that the revolution began as struggle between the incumbent president and his challenger, Mr. Madero. According to John Reed, Mr. Madero who was challenging the presidents incited his supporters to take part in a revolution (Reed 1). Mr. Madero incited the masses because he felt that the incumbent president had bungled the elections. The rivalry amid the two leaders culminated into war that led to bloodshed. War was at the hallmark of the revolution that begun in 1910. John Reed explains that the revolution begun slowly in 1910, thereafter it escalated to uncontrollable magnitudes in the subsequent years. Lack of communicati on was contributing to the misunderstandings that lead to the escalation of the wars. During the time, the Peons took part engaged themselves in the war with the expectations that their lives will change for the better. They had been promised favors, hence their participation in the war. Moreover, a majority of Mexicans were annoyed with the dictatorial leadership of President Porfirio Diaz. According to John Reed, the fighting that took place in the North affected most of the activities in the entire country. As a result, the economic landscape of the country changed. People began engaging in activities that demanded less capital because war had incapacitated them. Moreover, John Reed states that war halted most of the activities of people of Mexico. There was a decline in farming activities since people spend most of their times on fights. Poverty levels were escalating in the entire country. However, it is perplexing when the john reed states that he is annoyed with the events of the war yet he took part in the war. In some cases, he contradicts himself by supporting and criticizing the war at the same time. From the explanations of John Reed, economic activities played a huge role in shaping the life of individuals in Mexico. For instance, issues of wealth distribution lead to the escalation of war. The poor were angered with the manner in which the wealth owners were mistreating them. Moreover, the farmers received low wages from their employers. As indicated in the works of John Reed, people engaged in wars as a means of ending slavery. Hence, slaves preferred taking part in battles instead of working in the farms (Reed 12). The deplorable conditions in the farm made them hate employment. By taking part in wars, slaves were seeking liberation. They had wanted to have a life of their own to control their lives. Interestingly, during the war, the majority preferred the rebels to occupy their territories. This is because they hated the presence of the feder al authority. Reed reported to the metropolitan magazine Mexicans engaged in agriculture as their major source of live hood. Indeed, it was true that farming was the major economic activity for the people in Mexico. Hence, people supported the revolution because they had desired to own land. In Mexico, property ownership was highly cherished by the people then. Interestingly, this applies to the current situation in Mexico whereby people strive to own properties for their own use. The Peons in Mexico were claiming that the slave owners

The Relevance Of Marketing Concept To The 21st Century Business Of Essay

The Relevance Of Marketing Concept To The 21st Century Business Of Sony - Essay Example Sony is the unbeatable name in the sector of electronics and so Sony Group (Sony Electronics in the U.S.) is extremely famous around the entire globe. Thus, after Samsung Electronics and LG Electronics, Sony Corporation is a Japan-based corporate group concentrating mainly on the Electronics (such as AV/IT products and components), Game (such as PlayStation), Entertainment (such as motion pictures and music), and Financial Services (such as insurance and banking) sectors. This helped in enhancement of the total revenue of the Sony in the year to US $ 72.349 billion along with net income to US $ 458 million. Along with this, it also improved the brand image and reputation of the organization within the minds of the customers resulting in amplification of its equity and position in the market among others rivals. Description of the Marketing Concept of Sony The term Marketing is defined as an activity used to present varied types of products and services as per the demands and needs of the customers of the market. Other than this, it is a procedure of presenting the values and benefits of a product or service to its customers, so as to increase their awareness towards the brand or products. It is denoted as one of the most critical business functions entirely utilized for attracting a large array of customers. Other than this, marketing might also be described as a link within the society’s material necessities and its economic patterns of reply. This acts as a technique to satisfy these needs and wants through products and services thereby establishing long term relationships. Thus, in this technological age of 21st century the concept of marketing has changed slightly. In recent times the maximum extent of marketing takes place through online sites mainly through holistic approaches. Holistic approaches means marketing based on relationship with its target group of customers. Holistic marketing concept facilitates and accelerates the level of satisfaction by maintaining high end relationships with its customers through proper selection, distribution, promotion and pricing of goods and services. Therefore, on the basis of such approaches, the entrepreneurs choose the target markets and the type of products to be focused. Hence, such type of marketing helps to select the targeted cu stomers, satisfy them, maintain relationships, stay in front of competitors and enhance its ROI and profitability. So, it may be depicted that, creating and maintaining good relationship with a customers is the most essential factor of today’s era that helps to satisfy targeted customers by enhancing their loyalty and brand image. Only then, all other components such as production concept, the product

Creating A Hotel Room Reservation System

Creating A Hotel Room Reservation System 2.1 INTRODUCTION The Hotel Management System is a hotel room reservation system and management control system. The purpose of developed this hotel Management System is to assist the management and also the receptionist staff to have a better and more efficient way of performing booking tasks towards the customer. It is very important for hotel to own an efficient system. A hotel business will be affected by how they manage the hotels and room booking process, as because normally customer will dislike to wait for a long time for the booking process to get their room, so the hotel should own a better managerial system and also a more efficient room management system. Booking a room considered is an easy task because the customer just need to walk to the receptionist counter and give them necessary particular and information. If the customer need to make advanced booking, the just needs to contact our hotel receptionist, and give them information and when they need the room to the receptionist staff. And also the customer booking room when the buy flight ticket by online booking. This system also help to reduce the time take to search customer information and room information, because with this new implement system the receptionist staffs just need to input the customer IC / Passport number to get the customers information if they are repeated customer. Compare to the paper work will consume a long time to search customer information and the paper work information may lose and torn due to keep for a long period. By having an efficient room reservation system, the time take to check-in and check-out time will reduce and the customer will get their room faster compare to paper work based. This system helps the management to manage their room rates due to different season. The room rates are fall into 3 categories which are low, peak and super peak. The management can change the rates anytime through the database. The management has the privilege to add, edit, or remove staff login, the management also has the privilege to change their password anytime. The receptionist staffs, able to perform task which reserve room for their customer, check in and check out for the customer, the staff also able to edit the customer information. The hotel reservation system gives and helps the management and receptionist staff by reducing their workload. 2.1.1 Problem face by the Current System Receptionist staffs need to do a lot of paper work to record the data. It takes a long time to search for the customer detail and room information. Sometime, their past customers details were loss, especially for those who return to stay in the resort after a long period. It also slows down the registration process when using the old manual way The costs for the room are difficult to calculate, especially in different season due to hotel having different type of room. Many customers in the resort were frustrated about having to switch rooms because of room allocation problems. 2.1.2 Scope Management Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project. In ensures that the project team and stakeholders have the same understanding of what products will be produced as a result of the project and what processes will be used in producing them. The main processes involved in project scope management include:- Scope Initiation beginning a project or continuing to the next phase. Scope planning developing documents to provide the basis for future project decisions. Scope definition subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components. Scope verification formalizing acceptance of the project scope. Scope change control controlling changes to project scope. 2.2 STATEMENT OF WORK 2.2.1 Scope of Work For this project, the team will perform various activities to complete the proposed system. Firstly, the team will conduct a background study on the problem that occurs in that organization. To complete this stage, various methods to collect information will be performed, such as questionnaire, interviews, and observation. The information collected from these ways will help the team to accumulate as much information as needed for them to come to a solution. Once the team has reached to a final word on the suitable system, it is the next task to study an existing system which would reflect to the new system to be developed. By studying the similar system, the team would get an idea on how the new system should behave. Next, based on the information gathered, a database will be designed to integrate all the necessary details collected previously from the study and comparison conducted. Along with it, a prototype of the system to be developed is designed and shown to the client for approval. Once it has been approves, then the most suitable development tools will be finalized. The following development tools are required for the system: i) Hardware ii) Software Intel Pentium IV 2.0GHz Processor Visual Basic 2008 256 MB RAM MS SQL Server 2005 CD ROM Drive Video Adapter Card VGA Monitor 80 GB Hard disk Keyboard and Mouse The development will commence once the prototype has been approved. Later, the system will have to be tested using various test plans and finally it will be implemented once it is free from errors and satisfies the requirements. 2.2.2 Location of Work The work shall be performed at the residence of each team members .Meetings are carried out at Side Cafà © or Class room at a time agreed by every member. 2.2.3 Applicable Standards The applicable standard is the ISO, which the widespread adoption of International Standards means that suppliers can base the development of their products and services on specifications that have wide acceptance in their sectors. ISO 9000 is concerned with quality management. This means what the organization does to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer and applicable regulatory requirements and continually to improve its performance in this regard. ISO 14000 is primarily concerned with environmental management. This means what the organization does to minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, and continually to improve its environmental performance. These two standards are important and need to be implemented. 2.2.4 Acceptance Criteria The acceptance criteria for this system would be Accuracy Deliverables shall be accurate in presentation, technical content Clarity Deliverables shall be clear and concise, computing terms shall be used, as appropriate. All diagrams shall be easy to understand and relevant to the supporting description. Timeliness Deliverables shall be submitted on or before the due date specified in the Schedule of Deliverables 2.4 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE 1ST LEVEL Pangkor Island Beach Resort Analysis User requirement analysis System Requirement Analysis Identify project limitations and constraints Design 2.1 User Interface 2.2 Database Evaluation 3.1 Evaluate the design of interface and database 3.2 Investigate the design of interface and database 3.3 Confirm the design of interface and database Implementation 4.1 Coding of the system 4.2 Implement coding Testing 5.1 Preparation of test plans 5.2 Perform testing 5.3 Stub Test 5.4 Integration Test 2.5 PROJECT TEAM HIERARCHY scheduling Cost Risk kajen calvin Calvin Herma wati Scope Staffing kajen Kajen ,herma Herma wati Supervisor Hubert Tan Herma wati Communication Calvin Kajen Calvin Project Manager kajenthiran 2.6 RESPONSIBILITY CHART Task Introduction H H X Scope Management X H Scheduling Management H H X Staff Management X H Cost Management X H Risk Management H H Communication Management H X Person in charge H Helpers 2.7 COST BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE Setting up the resort reservation system Equipment Desk Chair Table Sofa Photocopier Fax Machine Personal Computer Etc. Labors System Analyst Project Manager Programmer System Tester Setting-up Expenses Programming Software Telephone Line Setup Software and Hardware Overhead Electricity Bill Telephone Bill 2.8 CONCLUSION As a conclusion we have learnt quite a lot of new thing which we need to do before we start our project. This part is consider the most important part because this part is the planning part, without a proper planning, our project will face high failure rates. In this chapter, we have to plan the statement of work, work breakdown structure, cost breakdown structure and also the strategic importance of the proposed system. We need proper planning for the three parts in this chapter. In this chapter, we have learned how to break the work package to include the person responsible for the package. We also set the start and finished dates and the relation of other tasks as well. We have also estimated the cost which needs to build up the system.

Interracial Relations and Marriages Essay -- Race Racism Marriage Dive

Interracial Relations and Marriages Outline Thesis statement,: The United States has witnessed a considerable social and cultural desegregation of Black and Caucasian Americans. However, despite years of desegregation, racial and cultural differences still exist. I show these differences still exist in the institution of marriage. 1. Americans have been and are continually moving slowly away from segregation. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the 1960's Blacks have been allowed to move into mainly Caucasian neighborhoods. B. Integration on campuses is now more apparent then ever before. 1. Students cat together. 2. Students study together, C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Black and Caucasian issues have converged. 11,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  notwithstanding these examples of desegregation, there are still signs, most clearly is apparent in the institution of marriage between Black and Caucasians. Ill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the major barrier.-, of interracial marriages lies in the family of the couples. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis, a Caucasian women, and Chuck, a Black man, were married in 1960. 1 .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They have no prejudice about each other. 2@  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both have mixed group of friends. 3,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They had problems with family. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis mother had asked her why she could not marry her own kind. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This conflict finally caused the ties between mother and daughter to break. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mama, a Caucasian Jewish, married a Black. I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . None of her family members attended her wedding except her mother. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her father told her that he could not believe that she married a Black. Nevertheless, she survived her family disapproval. IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An unlikely source of problems for interracial married couples comes from religion. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of interracial married couples involved in Christian churches before marriage discontinue church membership and attendance after marriage. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Couples search for churches that are like home. C. They are met with resistance from religious people who have been reported to have said that if their children married a Black person, they would kill them. D.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every couple has their own crisis, but for some, the church officials who are against divorce will turn around and recommend a separation.... because the couple are a Black and a Caucasian. V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These churches need to face a growing phenomenon. 1. In the Old Testament, God strongly opposes intermarriage. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...essed and eventually the only way to make changes involving segregation Children of interracial married couples learn tolerance within the family, which allows these children to ad their experiences to others, in one way or another. Works Cited Aunapu, Greg., et al., eds. " Intermarried ... With Children." Time. Fall 1993:64-68. Gilbereath, Edward. " How Our Children Surprise Us. " Christianity T d@a . 7 Mar. 1994:32-34. Herring. Roger D. " Development Biracial Ethnic Identity: A Review Of The Increasing Dilemma. " Journal Of Muliticul tral C)unseline & Development, 23.1 (Jan. 1995): 29-39. Kalniijin, Matthijis. " Trends in Black/White Intermarriage. " Social Forces. Sep. 1993: 119-147. Kantro@tz, Barbara. "Colorblind Love." Newsweek. 7 Mar 1988:40-42. Nfira, Harold. " Love In Black And White. " Christianitv Tod4y. 7 Mar. 1994: 18-20. Norman, Lynn. " Am I Black, White Or In Between. " Ebony. Aug. 1995: 108-110. Perkins, Mtaii. " Guess Who Is Confing To Church. " Christianity T d@a . 7 Mar. 1994: 30-32. Randolph, Laura B. " Black Women/White Man: What's Going On? " EboLny. Mar. 1989: 154-158. " Up for Separatism. " Economist. 21 Oct. 1995: 30.

Should Kids Books be Banned

Banning books blocks young children’s minds from real world information. By limiting their range of reading, their knowledge is lowered to a steady lull of comforting information. When they are pushed into situations relating to these topics, they are at a disadvantage. The Clan of the Cave Bear is a perfect example of this situation. The Clan of the Cave Bear has very useful information on early human life. The Clan of the Cave Bear is about a young early homosapien named Ayla. Ayla got separated from her home when she was young. The time setting is prehistoric Europe.She is found by a group of traveling Neanderthals. These Neanderthals talk using hand signals and few sounds. The leader of the group in named Brun, he has two siblings, Creb The Mog-er (or spiritual magician), and Iza the medicine women. Brun also has a son named Broud. Alya quickly learns to speak. Creb decides her totem is the cave lion, which is rare for a woman. As time goes by Alya teaches her self how to hunt, which is forbidden by the Clan women. The clan goes to hunt mammoth and Alya is forced to use her weapon to protect a child of the clan. Because of this Alya is given the death curse for one month.She returns and is welcomed back into the clan. Broud hates Alya and rapes her. The clan does not have any connection with intercourse and birth. Ayla gives birth but her baby is a mix of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Her baby’s name is Durc. The clan goes to a gathering of ten clans of Neanderthals. When they return her mother Iza is sick and dies. There is an earthquake that destroys the clan’s cave, killing Creb. Since Broud is now leader he blames the earthquake on Alya and banishes her. Jean M. Auel is an inspiring author who researches thoroughly. Jean M. Auel grew up in Chicago.She was the second of five children. She later moved to Oregon with her husband Ray Auel. While working she raised she five children. Also at this time she earned an M. B. A. from the Uni versity of Portland. In 1980 her first book was published, The Clan of the Cave Bear. In 1982 The Valley of Horses followed. In 1985 her third novel The Mammoth Hunters was the first hardcover novel with a first printing of more than one million copies. Her next book, The Plains of Passage was published in 1990. In 2002, her fifth novel, The Shelters of Stone, debuted at #1 on bestseller lists in 16 countries.Her last book so far, The Land of Painted Caves was published in March 2011. One of Auel’s greatest prizes is the French government's Ministry of Culture â€Å"Officer in the Order of Arts and Letters† medal. (â€Å"About Jean Auel. â€Å") All of her books were banned or challenge. Including The Clan of the Cave Bear. Auel’s response was that she â€Å"writes for adults. † (â€Å"‘Clan Of The Cave Bear' Banned From A Library. â€Å") The first case was in 1993, when Tom Baldwin, a Moorpark school board member, fought to take Auel off the r ecommended reading list. (Auel). â€Å"The Clan of the Cave Bear. 3†) He argued that it had â€Å"explicit sexual content. (Maiella Jr. , James. ) His reasoning was looked over by a group of seven board members. His challenge was later denied. (Sova) The processes to challenge and ban a book are very different. 0. To challenge a book is to restrict the reading of that book. One must have a reason for challenging a book. Many challenged or banned books are accused of having: It is considered sexually explicit, used offensive language, and was unsuited to any age group. Challenging a book is stronger than just stating their opinion. For the most part, books that are challenged do not end up being banned.Books take much longer to be banned. There are usually are several cases of challenging of the book before it is banned. (â€Å"About Banned ;amp; Challenged Books. â€Å") Many people when discussing censor ship include the constitution in their arguments. 0. People need to be able to look over the details of books to find what the authors are actually trying to teach you. The Clan of the Cave Bear is a very informative and detailed book. People can learn so much about evolution from reading it. â€Å"When Brun saw a huge herd of bison, he was encouraged. They were the embodiment of his own totem† (Auel, Jean M).This quote shows the knowledge on early human life and their totems. The Clan of the Cave Bear is not just a story about Alya, but about early human life in general. Auel spent half of her time researching early humans. The other half was writing the actual books. If a child went through high school without any knowledge of evolution and early behavior of humans, they would be lacking a huge area of knowledge. Many people believe that banning is supported by the constitution, but others disagree. 0. One quote made by Sir Winston Churchill is â€Å"Every one is in favor of free speech.Hardly a day passes without it being extolled, but so me people’s idea of it is that they are free to say what they like, but if anyone says anything back it is a outrage. † (Doyle, Robert P. Banned Books Challenging) In this quote he is saying that people think they are right and they do not want anyone arguing with them. This quote can be related to the banning of books. The people who ban books defend themselves by saying that it is supported by the constitution. However, when others show them quotes from the first amendment they are defensive. When people ban books they block the level of potential of the children who could have read it. . A Supreme Court case involving censorship was the Right to Read Defense Committee v. School Committee of the City of Chelsea case. In this case The Chelsea, Mass. School Committee â€Å"decided to bar from the high school library a poetry anthology† (â€Å"Notable†) The poem was Male and Female under 18. They claimed that it was an â€Å"offensive† and â€Å"dam aging† poem. The poem was challenged in U. S. District Court. Joseph L. Tauro ruled: 0. â€Å"The library is ‘a mighty resource in the marketplace of ideas. ‘ There a student can literally explore the unknown, and discover areas of interest and thought not covered by the prescribed curriculum.The student who discovers the magic of the library is on the way to a life-long experience of self-education and enrichment. That student learns that a library is a place to test or expand upon ideas presented to him, in or out of the classroom. The most effective antidote to the poison of mindless orthodoxy is ready access to a broad sweep of ideas and philosophies. There is no danger from such exposure. The danger is mind control. The committee's ban of the anthology Male and Female  is enjoined. † (â€Å"Notable First Amendment Court Cases. â€Å") If people ban books their minds can be altered to a false reality.They can have a different and crippled knowledge o f the world. When put with the people who were not censored they have a strong difference in information. A quote expressing exactly this is: â€Å"Students in any high school in which there kinds of books are banned will likely graduate with little or no experience with contemporary fiction and unprepared for college-level study† (Bertin, Joan). What Bertin is saying is that the censored children will be unprepared for real world activities. His quote is a perfect for discussing the banning and censorship of the children

Edad consentimiento para relaciones sexuales en EE.UU.

Edad consentimiento para relaciones sexuales en EE.UU. En Estados Unidos, la edad de consentimiento sexual  significa que a partir de cumplir los aà ±os fijados por ley de cada estado, cualquier persona –varà ³n o mujer– puede tener sexo con quien quiera, a menos que està © incapacitada por otro motivo. Sin embargo, en algunos estados tambià ©n es necesario que en los casos de relaciones sexuales entre dos personas que ya han alcanzado la edad de consentimiento, pero al menos una de ellas es menor de edad, la diferencia de aà ±os entre ambas no puede ser mayor a un nà ºmero fijado por ley, que es lo que se conoce como provisià ³n de diferencia de edad (age gap provision, en inglà ©s). Un ejemplo hipotà ©tico es el siguiente: Margarita Snchez tiene 17 aà ±os y vive en Carolina del Norte. Tiene ya edad para otorgar el consentimiento sexual, si asà ­ lo desea. Su novio tiene 20 aà ±os. Esta situacià ³n es correcta dentro del punto de vista legal porque la diferencia de edad entre ellos es de 3 aà ±os. Lo cual est dentro de la gap provision de ese estado. Por el contrario, si el novio de Margarita tuviese 22 aà ±os, esa relacià ³n serà ­a contraria a la ley, ya que ella es menor de edad y la diferencia entre ellos es superior a los 4 aà ±os.   Edad de consentimiento sexual y provisià ³n de diferencia de edad por estado Los estados estn listados en orden alfabà ©tico. Al final de la lista aparecen los datos de Washington D.C. La edad de consentimiento significa que una vez que se cumplen esos aà ±os se puede consentir libremente para tener relaciones sexuales. La edad de provisià ³n significa que si un miembro de la pareja es menor de edad, el otro no le puede llevar ms de esos aà ±os. Alabama Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 2 Alaska Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 3 Arizona Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n diferencia de edad: 2 Arkansas Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 3 California Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Carolina del Norte Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Carolina del Sur Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Colorado Edad de consentimiento: 17Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Connecticut Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 2 Dakota del Norte Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Dakota del Sur Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 3 Delaware Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Florida Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Georgia Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Hawaii Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 5 Idaho Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Illinois Edad de consentimiento: 17Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad:0 Indiana Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad:0 Iowa Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Kansas Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Kentucky Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Louisiana Edad de consentimiento: 17Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 3 Maine Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 5 Maryland Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Massachusetts Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Michigan Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Minnesota Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 2 Mississippi Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 2 Missouri Edad de consentimiento: 17Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad:0 Montana Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Nebraska Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Nevada Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Nuevo Hampshire Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Nueva Jersey Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Nuevo Mà ©xico Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Nueva York Edad de consentimiento: 17Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Ohio Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Oklahoma Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Oregà ³n Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 3 Pennsylvania Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Rhode Island Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Tennessee Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Texas Edad de consentimiento: 17Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Utah Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 10 Vermont Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Virginia Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Virginia Occidental Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Washington Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 2 Wisconsin Edad de consentimiento: 18Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 0 Wyoming Edad de consentimiento: 16Provisià ³n de diferencia de edad: 4 Washington D.C. Edad de consentimiento: 16 Consecuencias de relaciones sexuales sin respetar edad de consentimiento y provisià ³n Tener sexo con una persona que no tiene edad para consentir o que, aà ºn tenià ©ndola, no se respete la provisià ³n de edad podrà ­a ser un delito de violacià ³n o de estupro. Las condenas por estos delitos pueden tener efectos penales y migratorios por constituir un felonà ­a agravada o un delito considerado inmoral o una falta, conocido en inglà ©s como misdemeanor. El nombre de esta felonà ­a o falta dependiendo del caso puede recibir diferentes nombres como rape,  estatutory rape, sexual assault, sexual misconduct, child molestation, corruption of a minor, etc. Dependiendo del estado y tambià ©n de las circunstancias de cada caso, la condena por puede ser castigad de crcel y/o multa. El castigo es siempre mayor cuando ms grande sea la diferencia de edad entre la và ­ctima y el victimario. Adems, una condena por esta causa puede tener consecuencias de deportacià ³n para los migrantes. Adems,  tanto en los casos de delito o falta se puede ser condenado a ser incluido en el Registro de Delincuentes Sexuales (sex offenders). Si bien en algunos estados esto à ºltimo no es asà ­ cuando aplica la excepcià ³n que se conoce como Romeo y Julieta, que aplica a adolescentes (13-19 aà ±os) y que puede tambià ©n como defensa. Aplican la excepcià ³n de Romeo y Julieta en: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Carolina del Norte, Colorado, Connecticut, Dakota del Sur, Hawaii, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nueva Jersey, Nuevo Mà ©xico, Oregà ³n, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia Occidental, Washington y Wyoming. Cabe destacar que es siempre un delito mantener relaciones sexuales con un  menor que todavà ­a no ha alcanzado la edad de consentimiento segà ºn las leyes del estado en el que reside . Eso es asà ­ aunque el menor està © de acuerdo en tener esas relaciones porque, en realidad, no tiene capacidad legal para dar consentimiento. Adems,  todos los casos en los que se tiene relaciones sexuales en los que una de las partes no consiente es un delito de violacià ³n forzada, que est castigado muy duramente por la ley. Esto es asà ­ cualquiera que sea la edad de la và ­ctima. Desde el punto de vista migratorio, es un delito agravado. Quà © hacer si se es và ­ctima de este delito de estupro La và ­ctima, sus padres o guardianes pueden acudir a la policà ­a o a la oficina de la Fiscalà ­a para poner fin a esta situacià ³n.   Adems  estn obligados a poner estos hechos en conocimiento de las autoridades maestros, mà ©dicos y dems profesionales que tengan conocimiento de ellos por su trabajo. Es importante que las và ­ctimas busquen todo el apoyo que necesiten, incluido el psicolà ³gico. Por à ºltimo  las và ­ctimas de asalto sexual que estn en situacià ³n de indocumentadas podrà ­an recibir alivio migratorio. Acusado falsamente de estupro y la defensa de error de edad Ya que ser acusado de estupro es un cargo muy serio, toda persona acusada falsamente de una de estas acciones debe  contactar inmediatamente con un abogado penalista. Si adems se est en Estados Unidos con un estatus distinto al de ciudadano, solicitar un letrado que tambià ©n tenga conocimientos migratorios. Adems  tener en cuenta que algunos estados permiten la defensa de error de edad, cuando el menor puede parecer que es mayor de edad. Son los siguientes: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Nueva York, Pennsylvania, Virginia Occidental, Washington y Wyoming. Otras conductas delictivas sexuales a tener en cuenta En todos los estados es legal para los adolescentes ponerse de novios, abrazarse, darse la mano e incluso besarse. Pero en algunos estados es ilegal acciones como tocarse por debajo de la cintura, asà ­ sea por encima de la ropa, cuando se trate de relaciones entre una persona mayor de edad y otra menor de edad. Esto es lo que se conoce como 3ra base.   Quà © pueden hacer los padres cuando no estn de acuerdo con el consentimiento sexual de los hijos No confundir la edad de consentimiento sexual con  la mayorà ­a de edad.  Son cosas diferentes. En la mayorà ­a de los estados la edad del consentimiento sexual es ms temprana que la mayorà ­a de edad. Esto significa que aunque los menores de edad  pueden tener la edad de consentimiento y pueden  querer tener sexo con una determinada persona, sus padres o guardianes pueden estar en contra. Y pueden impedirlo obteniendo una orden de alejamiento (restraining order) en contra de la persona que est manteniendo relaciones sexuales con su hijo/a menor de edad. Puntos clave: edad para consentimiento sexual La mayorà ­a de edad y la edad de consentimiento sexual pueden NO coincidir.Toda relacià ³n sexual antes de la edad de consentimiento es delitoLas relaciones sexuales por encima de la edad de consentimiento pueden ser delito o falta, si en el estado de residencia existe la provisià ³n de edad.Los padres pueden evitar las relaciones sexuales de un menor de edad en edad de consentir sexualmente mediante una orden de alejamientoUn delito o falta de estupro puede tener consecuencias penales, de multa, migratorias y de inclusià ³n en el Registro de Delincuentes Sexuales.Posibles defensas en caso de acusacià ³n de estupro: error de edad y, en algunos casos y para adolescentes, la defensa de Romeo y Julieta. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essays

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essays Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Paper Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Paper Essay Topic: Jane Eyre In our world, there are many people who express their thoughts and feelings by art. For artists, painting is a way to explore their inner self and lets them express their emotional world. In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte uses the paintings and drawings created by Jane at different points to show Janes suffering, her realism and her romanticism. In Chapter 13, Jane makes a watercolour painting that expresses her childhood suffering at Gateshead and at Lowood. In her painting, there are clouds low and vivid, rolling over a swollen sea: all the distance was in eclipse for there was no land. This suggests that she sees herself as a wretch, unimportant and meaningless, just feeling as if there is no hope for her no matter how hard she searches. However, there is a greedy seed bird that sat on a half-submerged mastits beak held a gold bracelet, set with gems that she painted with a variety of colours. Jane is saying that there might be a chance when she obtains freedom and peace. As a child, Jane was always mistreated and never had any independence. In her artwork, the bird represents freedom because it can go anywhere just like how Jane imagines her life. The painting takes another shift when something sinking below the bird and the pole was a drowned corpse that flashed though the green water. She is comparing herself to a dead body because she views herself as being useless and hopeless. She is doleful because there were many cruel people in her life that always thought negatively about her. In both Lowood and Gateshead, she had been treated unfairly and harshly. The only thing that is visible is a fair arm from which thebracelet had been washed or torn. The bracelet represents Mr. Rochester andwhen the bracelet washes away it shows that Jane will never be with Mr. Rochester. In addition, this also depicts that all of Janes hopes and dreams have been washed away.

LLM DEGREE MARITIME LAW COLLISION SCENARIO Essay

LLM DEGREE MARITIME LAW COLLISION SCENARIO - Essay Example The second rule that relates to steam ships required steam vessels on different courses to pass on different port sides to reduce the risk of collision. The London Trinity House also laid down a rule for vessels under sail, which required sailing vessels on the tack to give way for a vessel on the starboard tack. This was followed by a collusion of the two Trinity rules of steam vessels through an 1846 act of parliament that saw their inclusion in the Navigation act. In 1858, there was an addition to the Navigation act which saw the addition of regulations on colored side lights for sailing vessels and fog signals for both sailing and steam vessels. In 1863 however, there was a complete change to the Navigation act which saw a new set of rules drawn by the British Board of Trade in consolation with the French government: vessels that were meeting end-on or near end –on were to alter their course to starboard. Every vessel that was overtaking another was to keep away from the v essel being overtaken. By the end of the year 1864, these regulations and others were adopted by over 30 maritime countries including the United States and Germany as Maritime articles.1 1Simon Baughen, Shipping Law (London: Routledge, 2009), 21. The year 1880 saw minor changes to the articles with a requirement for whistle signals to be given by steam vessels as a way of indicating the direction they were taking and therefore avoid collision. 1884 also saw a minor addition of an article that specified the signals that could be used by a vessel in distress, thus bringing the total number of articles to 27. In 1889 for the first time, there was a conference in Washington that sought to consider the regulations for collision at sea. New provisions were put in place requiring a stand on vessel to keep her speed and course. Vessels were also to avoid crossing in front of the other vessel and steamship permission to carry a second white light was also included. Another Maritime conferenc e was held in 1910, which mainly insisted on the Washington regulations with only some minor changes. Another international conference on Safety of life at Sea was held in 1948, which saw minor revisions which came into effect in 1954. This was followed by another international conference in 1960 that saw an addition of a new paragraph in the exiting regulations and better definition of the wordings. In 1972 COLREGs, the article was designed to replace the collision Regulations of 1960. There were several minor changes that were made in the Collision acts in the years following 1972 until in 1995 when the Merchant Shipping Act was introduced, that sought to consolidate the shipping acts from 1894-1995 and other enactments. Convention on International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at sea (1972) governs the Merchant Shipping Act on all water crafts, either personal or public, which is classified as a ship.2 2Susan Hodges, Law Of Marine Insurance (London: Routledge, 1996), 23. Main 1. Who do colregs apply to? This is well stipulated in rule of the preventing sea collisions convention which defines the application of the rules as: these rules apply to all vessels upon the high seas and the waters that are connected with navigable seagoing vessels. Nothing in the rules so specified shall interfere with the special rules that have been made by any authority. Nothing in the rules shall interfere with the special rules that may have been made by the government or any particular state. Traffic

Management Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Planning - Essay Example In words by Nash (2006) planning of management systems ensures there is a perfect flow of ideas and strategies throughout a specific period of time and of the required consistency. The same sentiments are reiterated by Humby, Hunt & Philips (2006) who argues that consistency in the management team creates the whole difference in terms of excellence and success in an organization. Management planning involves all the factors and department in an organization. All departments in an organization have different objectives and goals set to them for achievement. For a good management team, all these objectives should be achieved within the specified timeline and by the required standards. In creating a good management planning systems, department heads should be included in the planning structure. In support of this suggestion, Vanessa (2010) argues that management planning involves more of incorporation of the whole organization rather than the top management team. The author further argu es that employees should also be considered when formulating a management plan. The brief of the paper will be an inclusion of the factors that affect managerial performance. Additionally, solutions and suggestions to solve these factors will be provided. For a clear perspective, the paper will analyze the managerial performance of TESCO PLC Company. ... In its operation, the companies sell at least 40, 000 products in its stores. From its sales, their brand accounts for a total of 50% of the sales (Datamonitor, 2004). This fact has been made possible by the fact that the organization has been in the market for a significant period to gain a large competitive advantage and consumer support. The total accounted for customers of the organization add up 3.4 million people (Datamonitor, 2004). Apart from the external environment success, the internal arrangement of the organization is outstanding. The organization has a well formulated and compact managerial team headed by the chairman of the executive board. Beneath the chairman there are numerous executive positions that are aimed at subdividing the managerial responsibilities across the whole organization. The organization has seven executive board members in managerial positions and seven non executive board members in the other managerial positions. An inclusion to the management te am is the company secretary who falls under the senior management team (Datamonitor, 2004). Explain how interpersonal relationships and communication skills affect managerial performance In any organization communication and relationships form the basis of the success of an organization. In words by Jordan (2008) interpersonal relationships in an organization shape the organizational culture. The author further argues that communication in an organization is a great determinant of the organizational culture in an organization. The effect of these two factors on the managerial performance is based on the specific requirements of the employees. For instance, the management team is provided with the obligation of providing instructions and