Definition and Discussion of Middle English

Middle English was the language spoken in England from about 1100 to 1500. Five major  dialects of Middle English have been identified (Northern, East Midlands, West Midlands, Southern, and Kentish), but the research of Angus McIntosh and others... supports the claim that this period of the language was rich in dialect diversity (Barbara A. Fennell, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach, 2001). Major literary works written in Middle English include Havelok the Dane,  Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,  Piers Plowman, and  Geoffrey  Chaucers Canterbury Tales. The form of Middle English thats most familiar to modern readers is the London dialect, which was the dialect of Chaucer and the basis of what would eventually become standard English. Examples and Observations Chaucers Canterbury TalesWhan that Aprill, with his shoures sooteThe droghte of March hath perced to the rooteAnd bathed every veyne in swich licour,Of which vertu engendred is the flour...[When the sweet showers of April have piercedThe drought of March, and pierced it to the rootAnd every vein is bathed in that moistureWhose quickening force will engender the flower...](Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, late 14th century. Translation by David Wright. Oxford University Press, 2008)Many Middle EnglishesMiddle English varied enormously over time and by region; Angus McIntosh notes that there are over a thousand dialectically differentiated varieties of Middle English. Indeed,  some scholars go so far as to say that Middle English is not... a language at all but rather something of a scholarly fiction, an amalgam of forms and sounds, writers and manuscripts, famous works and little-known ephemera. This is a little extreme, but certainly prior to the later fo urteenth century Middle English was primarily a spoken rather than a written language, and did not have official administrative functions in either a secular or religious context. This has resulted in a critical tendency to place English at the bottom of the linguistic hierarchy of medieval England, with Latin and French as the dominant languages of discourse, instead of seeing the symbiotic relationship between English, French, and Latin...By the fifteenth century Middle English was extensively used in the written documentation of business, civic government, Parliament, and the royal household.(Rachel E. Moss,  Fatherhood and Its Representations in Middle English Texts. D.S. Brewer, 2013)The Vocabulary of Middle English- In 1066, William the Conqueror led the Norman invasion of England, marking the beginning of the  Middle English  period. This invasion brought a  major influence  to English from Latin and French. As is often the case with invasions, the conquerors domina ted the major political and economic life in England. While this invasion had some influence on English grammar, the most powerful impact was on vocabulary.(Evelyn Rothstein and Andrew S. Rothstein,  English Grammar Instruction That Works!  Corwin, 2009)- The core vocabulary of [Middle] English comprised the monosyllabic words for basic concepts,  bodily functions, and body parts inherited from Old English and shared with the other Germanic languages. These words include: God,  man, tin, iron, life, death, limb, nose, ear, foot, mother, father, brother, earth, sea, horse, cow, lamb.Words from French are often polysyllabic terms for the  institutions of the Conquest (church, administration, law), for things imported with the Conquest (castles, courts, prisons), and terms of high culture and social status (cuisine, fashion, literature, art, decoration).(Seth Lerer,  Inventing English: A Portable History of the Language. Columbia University Press, 2007)French Influence on M iddle English- From 1150 to 1500 the language is known as Middle English. During this period the inflections, which had begun to break down during the end of the Old English period, become greatly reduced...By making English the language mainly of uneducated people, the Norman Conquest [in 1066] made it easier for grammatical changes to go forward unchecked.French influence is much more direct and observable upon the vocabulary. Where two languages exist side by side for a long time and the relations between the people speaking them are as intimate as they were in England, a considerable transference of words from one language to the other is inevitable...When we study the French words appearing in English before 1250, roughly 900 in number, we find that many of them were such as the lower classes would become familiar with through contact with a French-speaking nobility: (baron, noble, dame, servant, messenger, feast, minstrel, juggler, largess)... In the period after 1250,... the upper classes carried over into English an astonishing number of common French words. In changing from French to English, they transferred much of their governmental and administrative vocabulary, their ecclesiastical, legal, and military terms, their familiar words of fashion, food, and social life, the vocabulary of art, learning, and medicine.(A. C. Baugh and T. Cable, A History of the English Language. Prentice-Hall, 1978)- French continued to occupy a prestigious place in English society, especially the Central French dialect spoken in Paris. This prompted an increase in the numbers of French words borrowed, especially those relating to French society and culture. As a  consequence, English words concerned with scholarship, fashion, the arts, and food--such as college, robe, verse, beef--are often drawn from French (even if their ultimate origins lie in Latin). The higher status of French in this [late Middle English] period continues to influence the associations of pairs of synonyms in Modern English, such as begin-commence, look-regard, stench-odour. In each of these pairs, the French borrowing is of a higher register than the word inherited from Old English.(Simon Horobin,  How English Became English. Oxford University Press, 2016)A Fuzzy Boundary[T]he transition from Middle to early modern English is above all the period of the elaboration of the English language. Between the late 14th and 16th centuries, the English language began increasingly to take on more functions. These changes in function had, it is argued here, a major effect on the form of English: so major, indeed, that the old distinction between Middle and modern retains considerable validity, although the boundary between these two linguistic epochs was obviously a fuzzy one.(Jeremy J. Smith, From Middle to Early Modern English. The Oxford History of English, ed. by Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford University Press, 2006)Chaucer on Changes in the Forme of SpeecheYe knowe ek that in forme o f speeche is chaungeWithinne a thousand yeer, and wordes thoThat hadden pris, now wonder nyce and straungeUs thinketh hem, and yet thei spake hem so,And spedde as wel in love as men now do;Ek for to wynnen love in sondry ages,In sondry londes, sondry ben usages.[You know also that in (the) form of speech (there) is changeWithin a thousand years, and words thenThat had value, now wonderfully curious and strange(To) us they seem, and yet they spoke them so,And succeeded as well in love as men now do;Also to win love in sundry ages,In sundry lands, (there) are many usages.](Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, late 14th century. Translation by Roger Lass in Phonology and Morphology. A History of the English Language, edited by Richard M. Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge University Press, 2008)

The Problem of Computer Crime Essay - 2368 Words

As our technology has greatly advanced over the past 50 years, our businesses, people, and its governments have been greatly affected by this new technology. With the vast capabilities of computers, the Internet, storage capability, and the manipulation of data, todays world has been changed forever. Although the benefits greatly outweigh the disadvantages, unless we take a more serious look at this new technology, more people will be hurt, from businesses, families, individuals, and most importantly, our children. Even as new technology has created more uses for its users, firewalls, password protections, and new programs to safeguard our children when viewing the Internet, our vulnerability increases with our perceived values and†¦show more content†¦This not only hurts the employees employer, but this also hurts the software company, as they lose the revenue of this lost sale. There are also individuals who make untold copies of a program and then sell this to unsuspe cting customers, just to make a quick buck. Although many software companies make new encoded copy protection system, there are many hackers who find a way to crack the code in order to make illegal copies of the software. One needs to remember that software programs are copyrighted just like a book. According to Bequai (1984), there has been much resistance in Congress to pass a bill concerning any form on of federal computer security protection acts or computer crime bill. Bequai (1984) stated that Our police agencies, whether local, state, or federal, will tell you that they are presently ill-equipped and lacking in resources to investigate and bring to prosecution criminals who employ computer technology. He also states that even the criminal justice system can not handle this new influx of computer crime while still trying to stem street crime. Approximately two dozen states at that time, have adopted or enacted their own computer crime legislation bills to have a chance to fight this new crime. This was their first step in the long battle with the many high technology crimes that have abounded. Due to the ineptness ofShow MoreRelatedComputer Ethics Awareness Among University Students Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction 1.1 Background Computers are the core technology of our times and apparently, the most important technology to be invented and used by man . Without computers and computer networks, especially, the Internet, activities of most organizations, such as banks, schools, government agencies would simply grind to a halt. Modern societys dependence on the use of information technology, make it more vulnerable to computer malfunction caused by unreliable software and to computer misuse (Forrester andRead MoreEssay on CyberCrime1739 Words   |  7 Pagespeople around the world use computers and the internet everyday. We all use it in school, work even at home, computers have made us life easier, it has brought so many benefits to society but it has also brought some problems, cybercrimes is one of them. The internet could be considered a type of community of computer networks, therefore we could consider it a society. Like in every society, in the internet there is commerce, education, entertainment, and of course there is crime, cybercrime. Real lifeRead MoreEssay on Computer Crime: Technology and Cyberspace1343 Words   |  6 Pagesuse a type of computer in some way, whether it is work related or if it is for personal use such as social networking. Another thing occurring on a daily basis is criminals committing either trivial or major crimes; so it is not hard to imagine that these two actions would start to syndicate into one. Cyber-crime is defined as â€Å"unauthorized use of a computer for personal gain† (Dictionary.com), but the true depth of the definition is so much deeper. Anyone can be affected by cyber-crime, it can affectRead MoreDigital Evidence and Computer Crime1738 Words   |  7 PagesDigital Evidence and Computer Crime: Forensic Science, Computers, and the Internet is essentially a guide on how to collect and process digital evidence in any situation. In this book, digital evidence is defined as â€Å"any data stored or transmitted using a computer tha t support or refute a theory of how an offense occurred or that address critical elements of the offense such as intent or alibi† (Casey, 7). Most crimes today have some kind of digital element to them, from the crime itself to the criminal’sRead MoreCyber Crimes and Steps to Prevent and Control It1377 Words   |  6 PagesCYBER CRIMES AND STEPS TO PREVENT AND CONTROL The world we are in today is all about Information Technology (IT) because we are in the age of Information Technology and the people with the right information, with proper way of disseminate this information and processing them is considered as the most successful. Information technology is the transfer of information using telecommunication and micro-based computer system. Nowadays, the computer has replaced manual records, and the fraudulent inputRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Crime978 Words   |  4 Pagesfocuses on the social problem computer crime, but more specifically identity theft. In this paper, I analyzed six different articles from various sources. I chose cyber crime as my topic because I have an interest in computers and coding. I also like to watch documentaries and a television show on cybercrime scene investigations. Analyzing articles on this topic will help me develop further knowledge on this topic and how it is considered a social problem in our society. Computer crime refers to any violationRead MoreStudy on Cybercrime1886 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee computer crime Introduction Computer crime is referred to, in many cases, as an insider job, as the majority of such acts are performed by employees, taking into account that the fact that they have access to data makes it easier for them to perform crimes. Many employers express little interest in who in their companies has access to data and to restrictions being placed on computers within the company. Instead, they are inclined to focus on designing systems that would mainly preventRead More Computer Crime Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesof the twenty-first century--the computer crime offender. Worst of all, anyone who is computer literate can become a computer criminal. He or she is everyman, everywoman, or even every child. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION To first understand computer crime one must understand first what crime is. According to Diana Kendall, crime is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail or other sanctions (Kendall 1999; 161). Yet since computer technology is so new it has reallyRead MoreEssay about CyberCrime and Terrorism1088 Words   |  5 Pagesincrease in the amount of cyber crime committed. Technology is a constantly changing entity, constantly evolving, always progressing. Naturally this can make it hard to stay on top of things. In turn, law enforcement runs into various issues regarding cyber crime and cyber terrorism. Cyber crime and terrorism is so complex of a crime that it can be hard to break down the barriers that can lead to justifying the action. Major issues that are prominent in cyber crime and terrorism are that laws varyRead MorePredictive Policing Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology (IT) to optimize police departments’ performance to reduce crime v ersus random patrols of the streets. 2. Describe how COMPSTAT, as an information system (IS), implements the four (4) basic IS functions: 1. Input 2. Processing 3. Output 4. Feedback 3. Determine how information systems have allowed police departments that implement tools such as COMPSTAT to respond to crime faster. 4. Apply the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities

Big Issue †Interview Free Essays

How has Big Issue evolved over the years and has It been able to stay true to its Orlando/core values? Franchise Idea 0 less rigor; social entrepreneurs go around the world Message has gone out self help / working with people In the margin Core values have been consistent throughout the years 2. How did you come to be involved in Big Issue? Were you recruited or did you seek it out? Curious to understand the organizational fit. Recruited Brought considerable experience in the commercial area 0 capable of expanding businesses Stephen brought strategy and focus to a very commercial chancy proposition Walk the talk / communicate core values and principles 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Big Issue – Interview or any similar topic only for you Order Now Does a charity like yours actively think about a AS analysis, like any other corporation? Running a charity is the same as running a business Charities need an operational framework in order to evolve and deliver objectives However, they are not always In control of all elements of the AS as It Is a lively organization totally reliant on the success of the people 4. How much of the current structure is a direct result of the AS actions that your management team has taken? It Is However, some elements are not a direct result of the AS In order to get money from trusts, the environment dictates that you need to evidence what you have done There are requirements of the world that often override an Internal AS framework 5. Are you happy with the current structure and how would you like to see Big Issue’s AS evolve? Need some people on the ground as they are currently understaffed 6. Strategy: What is Big Issue trying to achieve? Medal brand (education) Brokerage strategy Make a meaningful impact on the lives of people who are socially and financially excluded Solution C] for what is going on in society 7. Skills / Style / Staffing: What are your selection criteria for vendors? Skills: Big Issue: IT, HER, infrastructure, journalists, write, advertise C] enterprise Vendors: focused Style: Belief in the mission 0 unifying Shared belief in what we are here to do Tough parent / caring / listening 0 stick with standards Realism and good customer service Staffing: Big Issue: 75 people Ruinations / IT / HER); charity (25) Vendor population of 2,000 (need 30 people @ less than ?ask a year to help manage he vendors) Struggle to get support 0 efficient model 0 need more people on the ground 8. Systems / Structure: How you do you support Big Issue vendors? They have a badge process, which is time limited and requires vendors to check in regularly At every check point, a new badge is issued to the vendor This facilitates performance managing 9. Shared Values: How would you describe the vendor community Vendor community: code of conduct; see value of the choice they make to change 0 this can unify However, there is no defined agenda; not faith based; prepared to put something in How to cite Big Issue – Interview, Papers

Benefits of Synchronous & Asynchronous Communication-Free-Samples

Question: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of synchronous and asynchronous communication, and develop recommendations on how to use both synchronous and asynchronous communication tools, to not only be productive, but to maintain positive working relationships. Answer: To ABC Subject: The benefits and challenges of synchronous and asynchronous communication and the benefits of virtual teams The memo focuses on the benefits and challenges that have been faced by companies that use synchronous and asynchronous communication mode. Apart from this, the benefits of working as a virtual team are also discussed in the memo. Advantages of synchronous communication One of the biggest advantages that can be derived from synchronous communication is the fact that designing the software for communication is easier. This is an important factor for every company as the easier mode of designing the communication technology can help in less complexity of the material. The fact that the arrangements of communication between two servers can be easily conducted provides a huge advantage for the organisations. Another advantage of the synchronous communication is the fact that the results of the transmission can be communicated very quickly without much difficulty. According to Merayo, Hierons and Nez (2017), the quickness of the results can help in reducing the number of errors that may occur in the servers. Abdoli, Ma and Jia (2016) are of the opinion that this is mainly because of the fact that the two servers can be used to provide simple messages from one server to another. Disadvantages of synchronous communication After having analysed the advantages, it can be said that the disadvantages of synchronous communication can be that it creates huge negativity for the people using this method. One such disadvantage is the fact that the communication process results in a delay of responses. This is mainly because the services are not always well maintained by the users. Proper maintenance is needed in order to ensure that the services respond quickly in every manner. Every error that the service produces may have a huge impact on the communication process. Yamagata-Lynch (2014) stated that information might also be misinterpreted due to the heavy blockage of signals. This is a huge disadvantage for the users as the information are important for the purpose of the business. Hence, it is important to ensure that the information is not blocked in any manner. Apart from this, the servers also require the assistance of connection-oriented protocol. Thus, it can be said that due to a major cash flow of th e company, the use of synchronous communication can be discarded. Advantages of asynchronous communication Asynchronous communication makes formal requests that can be used for specific parts of a server. This is a huge advantage as the servers can be available upon the request from the computers (Giesbers et al. 2014). This can be an effective mode of communication as the companies can maintain proper communication with the different branches. The use of computers as a sole communicating model can be increased with the positive effects generated from asynchronous communication. Apart from this, the use of asynchronous communication can help in the smooth transmission of messages. This is an important aspect for every online user, as the transmission of messages has to be done without any blockage. The fact that the use of such a mode communication provides for such an advantage is essential for companies. The use of wireless protocols helps in achieving such a smooth service. Cummings and Dennis (2016) stated that the signals of transmission need to be clear as the information that is tr ansferred via the networks are often important. The use of wireless protocols can prevent hackers from gaining knowledge about important information that is transferred. Disadvantages of asynchronous communication However, despite the advantages, asynchronous communication has certain disadvantages as well. The response time that is needed for the transmission of messages is mostly unpredictable. This signifies that the networks can be disrupted on a consistent basis. The unpredictable response time is mainly caused due to improper services and the cause of natural factors. The delay in information can cause huge loss for a company as the information may contain vital things for a company. The complex manner in which the problems are handled is also an important disadvantage for the communication purpose. According to Abdoli, Ma and Jia (2016), the rectification of errors takes a lot of time as due to the complex manner in which the systems are developed. Hence, this becomes an important factor for the organisations. Apart from this, another disadvantage of the asynchronous communication is the fact that the designing of the communication system is complex and difficult. The designing of the c ommunication system is done keeping in mind the nature of the safety that is provided by the communication system (Cummings and Dennis, 2016). Benefits of working as a virtual team Teamwork is essential in order to maintain the trust between the members. In the modern world, a virtual team is a new form of team building concept that helps in developing modern business. In the words of Hoch and Kozlowski (2014), virtual teams are an innovative mode of maintaining individuals in a team. Every company can afford to invest in these teams as these teams have a low maintenance cost. These teams provide external as well as internal support for the companies so that the business can be improved. For example, in the case of a vacancy in any post, the employees of the virtual team can be asked to fulfil the vacancy. The other advantage is the fact that the employees involved in these teams are needed to be paid less than other employees of the organisations are. This is because the overhead costs of these products are less as compared to travelling is not by the employees of these companies. Thus, due to the reasons mentioned the existence of virtual teams can help in th e growth of the companies. Recommendation In order to succeed the business organisation need to ensure that they maintain a virtual team. This can help the organisation to reduce any overhead costs that may be needed for business. They can adopt the use of synchronous communication due to its simple nature of transmission of messages. References Abdoli, J., Ma, J. and Jia, M. 2016.System and Method for Guard Band Utilization for Synchronous and Asynchronous Communications. U.S. Patent Application 15/146,735. Cummings, J., and Dennis, A. 2016. Enterprise Social Networking Sites and Knowledge Sharing Intentions in Virtual Teams. Giesbers, B., Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D., and Gijselaers, W. 2014. A dynamic analysis of the interplay between asynchronous and synchronous communication in online learning: The impact of motivation.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,30(1), 30-50. Hoch, J. E., and Kozlowski, S. W. 2014. Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), 390. Merayo, M.G., Hierons, R.M. and Nez, M., 2017. Passive testing with asynchronous communications and timestamps.Distributed Computing, pp.1-16. Yamagata-Lynch, L. C. 2014. Blending online asynchronous and synchronous learning.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,15(2).

Jumping Off Place Essay Sample free essay sample

Q 1: In what manner will the civilization of Spain be different from U. S? In replying this inquiry refer to calculate 4-5. 4-6. 4-7. Autonomic nervous system: if we compare the civilizations of United States and Spain. maintaining in position the hofstede’s dimensions. following cultural differences were found: 1. Power distance: This aspect trades with fact that all persons in societies are non equal. It is defined as: â€Å"The extent to which less powerful members of establishment A ; organisation accept that power is distributed unequally† Spain‘s hierarchal power distance is accepted. Whereas U. S have low power distance. Within American companies. direction degrees are established for convenience A ; higher-ups are ever accessible. Both directors and employees shared information often. Communication is informal. direct and participative. 2. Individuality:It is the inclination of people to look after themselves and their immediate household merely. Spain is collectivized every bit good as individualistic but the practise is non aggressive. We will write a custom essay sample on Jumping Off Place Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whereas U. S is extremely individualistic province. Peoples look after themselves and their households. 3. Mascunist/feminist:Masculinity is a cultural feature in which dominant values are success. money and things whereas feminity is cultural feature in which he dominant values are caring for others and quality of life. Spain is a feminist society. They believe in assisting the destitute people. Whereas united provinces is masculine society. They are mercenary and after success and money. 4. Uncertainty turning away:It is the extent to which the people feel threatened by unpredictable state of affairss and have created beliefs and establishments that try to avoid these. Uncertainty turning away is extremely pattern in Spain. Peoples have regulations for everything. Any alteration in the regulation causes emphasis to the people. They are non risk takers at all. Whereas American society is uncertainness credence society. Peoples are willing to take hazard. Above mentioned are the cultural differences between United States and Spain. Q2. If the company expands its operations to Italy. will its experience in Spain be valuable for the company or will the civilization would be so different that the maker will hold to get down a new in finding how to turn to cultural challenges and chances. Explain. Autonomic nervous system: if we consider hofstede’s dimensions so Spain and Italy are non really much different to each other. Power distance in Spain is acceptable but in Italy it is average. Distribution of power justifies that upper degree have more powers as compared to lower degree and have more benefits. As compared to Spain. Italy is more individualistic society. It is â€Å"me centred† . Italy is a strong masculine society whereas Spain is a feminist society. Italy is a strong uncertainness turning away society which means that Italians are non comfy in unpredictable state of affairs. They avoid taking hazards. Same as Spain. they besides avoid taking hazards. Italy is the combination of maleness and high uncertainness turning away which makes life really hard and nerve-racking. In my sentiment. Italy and Spain have about familiar civilization values and differences. If the concern works good in the Spain and the response is good than the U. S Company must spread out its concern to Italy. As there is no much difference in civilizations of both the states. the work experience in Spain will be valuable for the company as the company would already the cultural values. likes and disfavors. buying behavior of consumer. challenges and chances. These all things would assist the company for set uping a concern in Italy. The company will execute better and will spread out its concern excessively. Q3. If the house expands into France. will its old experience will be valuable in assisting the company address cultural challenges. Explain. Ans: France civilization is similar to Spain and Italy. Harmonizing to hofstede’s civilization power distance is low both in France and Spain as comparison to Italy. Individualism is practiced in France at average degree. Whereas Italian practiced at high degree and Spaniards pattern at low degree. Uncertainty turning away is high in France and other two companies. Masculinity is low in France and medium in Italy. The above line shows that there is no much difference in the cultural values and challenges of the states. If the concern works good in Spain and Italy. it is anticipated that the company would have good response from France excessively. They don’t need to analyze new dimensions of civilization. It would be them excessively. The company is smart because it is be aftering to spread out in the same cultural values so that they would non confront cultural differences that would do their concern to fall down. So the earlier experience in Spain and Italy will decidedly be valuable to the company.

The Problem of Consumer Conflict in Business

The Problem of Consumer Conflict in Business Introduction Consumer behaviour involves analysis of the reasons why people decide to buy or not to buy a product. This involves  the analysis  of consumers’ psychology, economics, sociology, and the social anthropology.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Problem of Consumer Conflict in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consumer behaviour is aimed at coming up with a clear understanding of consumers buying decision making process, either an individual or as a group. In the analysis of consumer behaviour, characteristics of consumers, such as demographics and other behavioural variables,  are analysed  critically to understand consumers wants and needs (Solomon, 2011). Indeed, it is not possible to predict consumers’ behaviour and clearly  outline  their needs and wants. In most cases, people do not  differentiate  Ã‚  them. As a result, most of the times, attempts  are ma de  to  distinguish  needs and wants. Needs refer to basics that make up ones survival kit; on the other hand, wants refer to desires that may not be  basic  in life such as cars, fashion clothes, and electronics among others. Consumer needs are  basic  in nature, and one cannot survive without them; they include food, clothing, and shelter. On the other hand, consumer wants are desires and  luxurious  in  nature; therefore, one is capable of surviving without them except that they  are needed  to improve the living conditions. Discussion The  conflict  that  typical  consumers experience when deciding between what they  need  and what they want In most cases, consumers  experience  challenges when deciding on whether to  settle  a  need  or a  want. In addition, sometimes,  consumers are not able to  differentiate  between a need and a  want,  thus  they face difficulties in decision making. However, it is essential that consumers learn to manage their decisions appropriately. This is important because consumers should be able to make a  reasonable  decision  among several alternatives subject to a wide range of matters. There are several styles used in  decision  making,   just as there are several issues that  need  clear decisions. While making a decision, it is all about uncertainty and risk, since consumers have varying levels of risk aversion. In addition, making decisions involves either quantitative or qualitative  analysis  (Solomon, 2010). As a result, consumers can make a decision using any of these decision making styles. The wide range of decision making styles  pose  conflicts when consumers try to choose between what they want and what they  need.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main  conflict  arises when a  consumer  is t rying to make a  rational  judgement. Some of the issues that bring the  conflict  while consumers are trying to make decisions include consumers’ personality, peer pressure, social surrounding, social statures, and prices charges among others. Based on the consumer personality, most of the times consumers try to buy products that may not be in line with their status. When a  consumer  buys a product that is above his or her  status, and then it is clear that it  is based  on wants and not needs. In most cases, consumers buy products or services that  go  in line with their status. In such a case,  possibly  the  consumer  obtains it based on a  want  and not on a  need. There are several factors that have a significant impact on consumer choice regarding a  want  and a  need  (Hoyer Macinnis, 2009). For  instance; How often have consumers seen the advert of the product in question? How much of a  brand  have often been sold over the past few years? Has the  product  or  brand  in question been bought by a wide range of customers of varying social classes? What are the impacts of buying a  brand  that is expensive compared with your social life? From the research, it is clear that most consumers or individuals want to improve their living conditions, their family conditions, community condition, and nation  condition. It is worth nothing that consumers’ wants are  infinite. This is true to the wealthy as it is to the poor. On the other hand, needs can easily be defined but vary depending on an  individuals age, health, and physical environment among others. Some of the issues are considered to be wants among the  poor  communities and may be  needs  in the rich community. In real life, it is  impossible  to  define  strategies for meeting all   consumer  needs. As a result, measures  have been  set  to  define  the  minimum  well being  leve l  of consumers so that it can be easy to state that an individual is   poor  or rich. These are the main issue that cause conflicts when consumers are trying to  define  a product or service as a want or a  need. At times, consumers  visit  the market to buy something they  regard  as a need, but in the minds of other consumers, it is a  want. Therefore, it is conflicting to decide  and  buy  a product based on the decision made (Wright, 2006). For instance, how a decision could be made when faced marketing focused on something one may  want  but does not need.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Problem of Consumer Conflict in Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a situation where a  consumer  experiences conflicting interests regarding a  need  and a  want,  relevant  strategies will have to be incorporated. When trying to come up with a decision regardin g an issue that one wants, but does not  need, one must  determine  whether he wants it or needs it. In addition, one has to  analyse  the  status  regarding the  want. This is important because, failure to analyze the  situation  may make one  risk  missing a wide range of existing alternatives. Regarding the  want  in question, consumers should be able to ask relevant questions based on aspirations, interests, goals, objectives, and fears. This will help them consider possible consequences of their actions. For instance, according to the rich, a refrigerator is a need, but for the poor, it is a  want. As a result, it can pose a problem on some situations when an  individual  with a  poor  background  is deciding on whether to buy it or not. Indeed, he or she can analyze the advantages associated with a refrigerator. The advantages associated with it can  provoke  a consumer to  buy  it without considering whether it is a need, or oth erwise. Therefore, it is essential that such people analyze the source of income or money to  pay  and  acquire  it. Once the relevant  analysis  is  over, then it will be easy to  decide  if it is a  want  or a  need,  thus  deciding to buy or not. At times, consumers  make  quick  decisions based on intuition or gut feeling (Paul Lantos, 2010). They can make a decision based on an uncertainty or  condition  without gathering all the necessary information. However, some consumers are cautions in their decisions and try  mostly  to avoid intuitive approaches. For instance, sometimes consumer may want to  acquire  some products, but does not have money, he or she can  decide  to  obtain  a loan from a credit lending  organization. Indeed, the idea of obtaining a credit or  loan  is  noble, but it is necessary to put into consideration several factors. These factors include the payback period for credit, whether the product is a  need, and ability to repay the credit. Clearly analysing these factors, the  consumer  will automatically  decide  whether to  take  a loan or not.  Some of the steps used to determine whether one  wants  something, but does not  need  it  include: Working out the right decision problem through careful or  proper  problem  statement  without using assumptions and prejudices that are  option  limiting. For instance, when deciding on whether a refrigerator is what one wants and not what he needs.  Thus,  one has to analyze the prevailing circumstances that make him or her  want  a refrigerator. The  customer  should clearly define or specify objectives regarding a  want. For instance, one can  regard  a car as something he or she wants because of the many demands that make one want a car. Customers should understand the consequences of their decisions so that they will not be surprised by their move. For instance, one can   view  a car as what he or she wants based on the demands at that moment. In such a case,  appropriate  decision  should be made to avoid regrets later. The customer should consider when deciding to buy a car that he will  later  fuel  it, pay for its loan, if any, and  attend  a driving school if necessary. This will  mean  an increase in expenses; therefore, all these issues should be put into consideration. How a person’s values  links  to consumer behaviour Person’s values are capable of describing an  individual’s  disposition  based on explanations of the surrounding. Some of the person’s values include openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness. According to market research, the relationship between consumer behaviour and  person’s values is not clear, but researchers are still working on it.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, according to a research recently conducted, results showed that people who are  open  are in a better  position  to respond to adverts placed (Mooij, 2010). Such individuals are exposed to adverts from time to time, and can respond to them by buying products or going for an alternative. As a result, it is worth nothing that consumer behaviour has a close relationship with a person’s values. Alongside the fact that person’s values might be  useful  to the marketers, they should be able to explain the reason as to why a  consumer  decides to  make a purchase. For instance, some consumers decide to buy based on their  feelings  regarding a product, while others  decide  based on their economic status. All this issues are  crucial  to customer, since he can  develop  necessary  strategies in marketing that enable it to attract a  wide  market. Moreover, knowing the different elements that make the consumers purchase enables marketers to come up with appropriate marketing strategies. At some point in time, complexity of issues has made it difficult to explain the relationship between consumer behaviour and  person’s values. Some of the complex issues that have made it difficult to explain the relationship include the dynamic nature of consumers. Most consumers are  dynamic  and their  purchase  behavior changes from time to time. This can affect marketers’ strategies negatively, hence there is a need for frequent modification. As a result, effective marketing will make it possible  to  easy  define  the relationship between consumer behaviour and persons values. Conclusion In marketing, it is  essential  to understand the concept of consumer behaviour. This will  enable  a marketer to  define  marketing strategies to attract a market. In addition, understanding consumer behavior will  enable  the  consumer  to determine the variations between wants and needs. In most cases, consumers  experience  a difficulty in trying to  differentiate  between wants and needs. It is  essential  for consumers to  note  that needs are not wants. In addition, it is  essential  to understand that  consumer’s needs and wants are far much  different  from each other, based on, their definitions. While trying to understand the concept of consumer behavior, the aspect of  person’s value is  essential. This will  enable  a marketer to  understand  the likes and dislikes of a consumer. Moreover, it will  enable  the marketer to use these values in marketing of its products. As a result, it will be possible to attract a large market share. Finally, it is  vital  to note that  consumer  needs are basic, and an  individual  cannot do without them. On the other hand, wants are  luxurious  in nature and needed to improve the living condition. Therefore, in most cases, consumers  try   to address their needs before addressing wants as much as possible. References Hoyer, W.D. Macinnis, D.J. (2009). Consumer Behavior. New York: Cengage Learning. Mooij, M.K. (2010). Consumer Behavior and Culture: Consequences for Global Marketing and Advertising. London: Sage Publishers. Paul Lantos, G. (2010). Consumer Behavior in Action: Real-Life Applications for Marketing Managers. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Solomon, M.R. (2010).Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Solomon, M.R. (2011). Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. Wright, R. (2006). Consumer Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning.

Sociocultural theory in collaborative learning Essay

Sociocultural theory in collaborative learning - Essay Example Sociocultural theory in collaborative learning It is a pedagogy that has at its centre the assumption that people make meaning together and that the process enriches and enlarges them†. The debate about the definition of term ‘collaborative’ as well as ongoing attempts to identify relevant criteria to determine whether learning is collaborative or not does not seem to have any major implications for the basics of collaborative learning. Almost every research study exploring collaborative learning environment comes to positive conclusions. Natasi and Clements (1991) summarize these conclusions in the following way: â€Å"Cognitive-academic and social-emotional benefits have been reported for students from early elementary through college level, from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, and having a wide range of ability levels†¦ Furthermore, cooperative learning has been used effectively across a wide range of content areas, including mathematics, reading, language arts, social studies and science†. Initially, research in the realm of collaborative learning focused on functioning of an individual learner in a group: the theories which dominated cognitive psychology over the 1970s tended to emphasise the role of individual information processors in the process of cognition. The social context of this process was viewed as secondary to individual activity. The last decades of the 20th century were marked by increased attention to the social context, and, consequently, improved understanding of the process of cognition.